CONSORTIA NODULES
KENNECOTT CONSORTIUM (KCON)Formed in January 1974, Kennecott, Noranda, Consolidated Gold Fields and Mitsubishi, subsequently became RTZ and BP Petroleum Development Ltd. joined the consortium or took the place of certain partners. OCEAN MINING ASSOCIATES (OMA)Formed in October 1974. From subsidiaries of Tenneco, U.S. Steel, Union Minière and Jamco (5 Japanese companies).
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OCEAN MANAGEMENT INC. (OMI)
Formed in May 1975. From AMR, INCO, DOMCO.
Arbeitsgemeinschaft Meerestechnisch Gewinnbare Rohstoffe (AMR, RFA) | 25,02% |
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Metallgesellschaft AG | |
Preussag AG | |
(Salzgitter AG a fait partie d' AMR) | |
Deep Ocean Mining CO., Ltd. (DOMCO 20 japanese compagnies) | 25,02% |
Inco Limited (USA-Canada) | 25,02% |
Schlumberger Technology Corporation (USA) | 24,94% |
OCEAN MINERALS COMPANY (OMCO)
Formed in November 1977. From Lockheed Billiton (Shell), Amoco (Standard Oil). Shell Billiton and Bos Kalis, Netherlands, abandoned in 1986 and Cyprus Minerals Co. replaced Amoco. Late 1995 Cyprus and withdrew all interest were taken over by Lockheed Martin Missiles & Space, a subsidiary of Lockheed Martin, USA.
Omco requested a permit for exploration on the surface by KCON released in 1993.
DEEP OCEAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT CO., LTD. (DORD) (JAPON)
Kabushiki Kaisha subsidiary of Overseas Mineral Resources Development Co., Ltd. (OMRD). The latter included 61 Japanese organizations including 49 "participating in DORD". Here are the most important of them:
- Metal Mining Agency of Japan (MMAJ)
- Sumitomo Metal Mining and 4 other companies of the group.
- Sumitomo Mitsui Mining & Smelting and 4 other companies from Mitsui group
- Mitsubishi Metal Corporation and 4 other companies from Mitsubishi group
- Dowa Mining
- Nippon Mining
- Furukawa
- Pacific Metals
- Ebara Corporation
- Kawasaki Heavy Industries and 2 other companies from Kawasaki group
- Nippon Steel Corporation
- Nippon Kokan K.K.
- Hitashi Zosen Corporation.
DORD received in 1987 a pioneer area of 75 000 km 2 in the northern Pacific Ocean.
THE TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH ASSOCIATION OF MANGANESE NODULES MINING SYSTEM (TRA) (JAPON)
Japanese organization under the patronage of the Agency of Industrial Science and Technology from the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI). Is responsible for the development of a system of nodule collect. Most members of DORD are present in this association.
- Metal Mining Agency of Japan
- National Institute for Pollution and Resources
- Dowa Mining Co., Ltd
- Ebara Corporation
- Hitashi Shipbuilding and Engineering Co., Ltd
- Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd
- Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd
- Meidensha Electric Mfg. Co., Ltd
- Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd
- Mitsubishi Corp. Metal.
- Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding Co., Ltd
- Mitsui Mining and Smelting Co., Ltd.
- Mitsui O.S.K. Lines, Ltd.
- Nippon Electric Co.
- Ltd. Nippon Kokan K.K.
- Nippon Mining Co., Ltd
- Pacific Metals Co., Ltd
- Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.
- Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd
- Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd
- The Yokama Rubber Co., Ltd
YUJMORGEOLOGIYA (SOVIET UNION)
State company of the Republic of Russia. Received in 1987 a pioneer area of 75 000 km 2 in the northern Pacific Ocean.
DEPARTEMENT OF OCEAN DEVELOPMENT (DOD) (INDIA)
Indian agency responsible for coordinating the nodule program. In 1987, DOD received a pioneer area of 150 000 km 2 in the Indian Ocean.
INTEROCEAN METAL
Consortium of organizations of Bulgaria, Cuba, the Czech and Slovak Republics, Russia and Poland. Headquarters in Stetin (Szczecin, Poland). In 1992, Interocea Metal received a pioneer area of 150 000 km 2 in the eastern part of the Clarion-Clipperton zone in the North Pacific.
COMRA (CHINA)
Chinese research and development of mineral resources of the sea. COMRA has spent more than $ 60 million in exploration over 2 million km 2 to delineate the area of its application. In 1992 COMRA received a pioneer area of 150 000 km 2 in the western part of the Clarion-Clipperton zone in the North Pacific.
KADOM (KOREA)
The Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy of the Republic of Korea received in 1994 a pioneer area of 150 000 km 2 in the central part of the Clarion-Clipperton zone in the North Pacific. In 1995 the program was reorganized and placed under the supervision of Kadoma (Korean Association of Deep-Ocean Mineral Development), a group of some thirty private companies and government organizations, among which are:
- Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute (KORDI)
- Korea Institute of Geology, Mining and Material (KIGAM)
- Korea Mining Promotion Corp.. Ltd (KMPL).
AFERNOD (FRANCE)
Association Française d'Etude et de Recherche des NODules océaniques
Subject:
Acquisition and development of a mining area on polymetallic nodules.
The Chantiers du Nord et de la Méditerranée (NORMED) obtained 3 % during the dissolution of the company in 1989. BRGM was a member of the Association from 1977 to 1980.
In 1987, AFERNOD received a pioneer area of 75 000 km 2 in the northern Pacific Ocean.
GEMONOD was, from 1984 to 1988, a group of public interest between IFREMER, CEA and TECHNICATOME subsidiary of CEA.
Legal status:
Joint venture created on 1/11/74 (Agreement 74/1050), extended the 22/9/78 (Agreement 77/1735/Y), then 28/11/85 (Convention 85/1210084/Y).
Members:
1. IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), which replaced the CNEXO (National Center for the Exploitation of Oceans) in 1985,
155 rue Jean-Jacques Rousseau
92138 Issy les Moulineaux cedex
2. CEA (Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique)
33 rue de la Federation
PARIS 75,115.
3. METALEUROP SA, which replaced IMETAL himself in 1990 having replaced the Metallurgical Society Le Nickel-SLN in 1985
58 rue Roger Salengro
94126 Fontenay Sous Bois Cedex.
NB: The company NORMED (Chantiers du Nord et de la Méditerranée), which was replaced in 1984 by Chantiers de France-Dunkerque, co-founder of AFERNOD, was dissolved in 1989. BRGM (Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières) was part of the association from 1977 to 1980.
Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (Ifremer) | 53 % |
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Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) | 40 % |
Metaleurop (which replaced IMETAL en 1990) | 4 % |
Headquarters:
Manager only known from others:
IFREMER
155 rue Jean-Jacques Rousseau
92138 Issy les Moulineaux cedex
Téléphone: | (33 1) 46 48 21 00 |
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Téléfax: | (33 1) 46 48 21 88 |
Télex: | 631 912 |
E-mail: |
Personnel:
No own staff, but that of members participating in the project.
Internal structure:
Steering Committee comprising one to two representatives per member:
IFREMER: | G. HERROUIN President |
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A. CRESSARD | |
CEA: | P. BOUTHONNIER |
A. TONNEAU | |
METALEUROP: | P. MADELIN |
Pool:
Consisting of contributions in cash (annual dues) and in-kind contributions of members, and other funding paid to the manager on behalf of the Association.
By special provision of the agreement, the partners refrain from actions outside the Association without informing other partners and should bring results within the Association if they so request. The costs are then credited to the partner. This is the case of CEA and IFREMER for the work they have completed within GEMONOD.
Ownership of results:
Held condominium pro-rata contributions of everyone at the time of acquisition. The CNEXO deposited with the French government an application for an exploration permit on behalf of AFERNOD on 1 July 1981.
IFREMER, acting on behalf of AFERNOD, was recorded on 17 December 1987 as a pioneer investor by the Preparatory Commission of the International Seabed Authority and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and was assigned a sector of preliminary activities of 75 000 km 2 in the northern Pacific Ocean.